CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Biology represent one of
science branch learning to hit the creature. There are various mortal type in this world is totality
cleft of the world. Each species own the very immeasurable characteristic and
form. Each mortal own the certain marking, one of them is that is accept and
answer to the stimulus. When happened by the change to environmental condition,
hence mortal will dothe x'self adjustment to feel balmier and activity can
normally. When the mortal do not able to to live with, hence he will experience
of the death or incured by a experienced selection. One of change which is
often became of by the environment is temperature
change. On human being for example, when feeling chilled use the thick clothes
while when its temperature counteract, hence clothes weared by that is clothes
which tipis.Ini represent one of example of form the adjustment of mortal x'self
to its environment.
However, in a barren place
of effect of long drought, one per its one plant will die for want of irrigate
in high ambient temperature and land;ground. Meanwhile, plant like cactus can
hold out the referred as this life. It is experienced selection. Each organism need the
requirement basis for maintain the continuity of its life. For example, each
animal need the air, irrigate, and food. While plant require the air, irrigate
the, nutrisi and light for the photosynthesis of. Organism can only live when
environment can provide the its life requirement. Earth we have a lot of kinds
of environment and each different environment will support the life for the
type of organism which different each other. Behavior of each animal or plant
influenced by internal factor like feeling peckish ( requirement will eat
the nutrition), or because factor external
like environmental condition change. Behavioral pattern interconnected plant or
animal sliver experiencedly that organism place reside in, like to the number
of organism type, sum up the population each organism, source availability of
food, and physical condition and also chemical its environment.
B. Purpose
Through this experiment, students are
expected to compare the speed of using oxygen at different temperatures.
C. Benefit
Student can be able to compare the
speed of using oxygen at different temperatures.
CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE
Temperature is one of the most obvious
physical environment, easily measured and highly diverse. That temperature has
an important role in regulating the biological activity of organisms, both
animals and plants. This is mainly due to the temperature affects the speed of
chemical reactions in the body and also to determine the metabolic activity,
such as in the case of respiration (Team Lecturer, 2012).
For any environmental factor, there is an upper limit and
lower limit that define the conditions in which an organism can survive. For
example, steelhead trout live in cool, clear coastal rivers and streams from
California to Alaska. The ideal range of water temperature for steelhead trout
is between 13°C and 21°C. However, steelhead trout can survive water
temperatures from 9°C to 25°C. At these temperatures, steelhead trout
experience physiological stress, such as inability to grow or reproduce. They
will die if the water temperature goes beyond the upper and lower limits. Have
you ever had to tolerate a hot day or a boring activity? Similarly, the ability
of any organism to survive when subjected to abiotic factors or biotic factors
is called tolerance. Steelhead
trout tolerate a specific range of temperatures. That is, the range of
tolerance of water temperature for steelhead is 9°C to 25°C. Notice the
greatest number of steelhead live in the optimum zone in which the temperature
is best for survival. Between the optimum zone and the tolerance limits lies
the zone of physiological stress. At these temperatures, there are fewer fish.
Beyond the upper tolerance limit of 25°C and the lower tolerance limit of 9°C,
there are no steelhead trout. Therefore, water temperature is a limiting factor
for steelhead when water temperature is outside the range of tolerance (Biggs,
2008). 106
Temperature is a way to measure the energy of molecular motion.
All molecules jiggle nonstop, and they jiggle faster as they absorb heat.
However, extensive hydrogen bonding restricts the movement of water molecules
—it keeps them from jiggling as much as they would otherwise. Thus, it takes
more heat to raise the temperature of water compared with other liquids. Temperature
stabilityis an important component of homeostasis, because most of the
molecules of life function properly only within a certain range of temperature.
Below 0°C (32°F), water molecules do not jiggle enough to break hydrogen bonds,
and they become locked in the rigid, lattice-like bonding pattern of ice.
Individual water molecules pack less densely in ice than they do in water, so
ice floats on water. Sheets of ice that form near the surface of ponds, lakes,
and streams can insulate the water under them from subfreezing air
temperatures. Such “ice blankets” protect aquatic organisms during extremely
cold winters (Starr, 2011). 31
The ability ofwater to stabilize temperature stems
from its relatively high specific heat. The specific heat ofa substance is
defined as the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that
substance to change its temperature by I'C We
already
know water's specific heat because we have defined a calorie as the amount of
heat that causes I g of water to change its temperature by I'C Therefore, the
specific heat of water is I calorie per gram per degree Celsius, abbreviated as
I cal/g/'C Compared with most other substances, water has an unusually high
spedfic heat (Campbell, 2008).
Water is the chemical substance with chemical formula H2O:
one molecule of water has two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a single oxygen atom.The major chemical and physical properties of water
are water is a tasteless, odorless liquid at standard
temperature and pressure. The color of water and ice is, intrinsically, a very light blue hue,
although water appears colorless in small quantities. Ice also appears
colorless, and water vapor is essentially invisible as a gas. Water is a good solvent and is often referred to as the universal solvent. Substances that dissolve in water,
e.g., salts, sugars, acids, alkalis, and some gases – especially oxygen, carbon dioxide (carbonation) are known as hydrophilic (water-loving) substances, while those that do not
mix well with water (e.g., fats and oils), are known as hydrophobic (water-fearing) substances (Anonymous, 2012).
Temperature is the degree of hotness or
coldness of water measured on a definite scale such as degrees Celsius (oC)
or degrees Fahrenheit (oF). Water temperature is a key regulator of
natural processes in the aquatic environment. He can control the physiological
functions of the organism and contribute directly or indirectly with other
components of water quality affects aquatic quality. Controlling water
temperature and spawning Hatching, control activities, stimulate or inhibit the
growth and development; can cause death if the water gets hot or very cold
suddenly. Cooler water is typically hinder the development; more hot water is
generally accelerate the activity. Water temperature also affects various
physical and chemical reactions in the aquatic environment (Anonymous, 2012).
CHAPTER
III
PRACTICUM METHOD
A. Time and Place
Day / Date
: Friday / December 14th 2012
Time : at 08.10 – 09.10 am
Place : Laboratory of Biology
at 3rd floor of Biology Departement of Science and Mathematic
Faculty, State University of Makassar
B. Tools and Materials
1.
Tool
a.
Thermometer stem
b.
Stopwatch / watches
c.
Becker glass
2.
Material
a.
3 goldfish
b.
Ice cube
c.
Water Faucets
d.
Hot water
C. Work procedure
1.
Entered 3 goldfish are relatively similar magnitude to the
becker glass containing tap water, and acclimatization for 15 minutes.
2.
Took 1 goldfish and put it into the glass becker (A) of hot
water (38ᴼC) 800 ml. Counted and recorded the frequency of movement (opening
and closing) operculum in a minute
for 5 minutes.
3.
Took 1 goldfish and put it into the glass becker (B)
containing cold water (16ºC) 800 ml. Counted and recorded the frequency of
movement (opening and closing) operculum
in a minute for 5 minutes
4.
Took 1 goldfish and put it into the glass becker (C)
containing trap water (Ȃ ±27ºC) 800 ml. Counted and recorded the frequency of
movement (opening and closing) operculum
in a minute for 5 minutes.
5.
Recorded your observations in the table.
CHAPTER IV
RESULT
AND DISCUSSION
A. Result
Data movement frequency
(opened and closed) operculum
goldfish at different water temperatures
Table
of Gold Fish Respiration
|
|
Gold Fish
|
Time
|
Mean
|
|||||
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
||||
|
(A)
|
I
|
123
|
147
|
131
|
135
|
129
|
133
|
|
|
(B)
|
I
|
103
|
100
|
79
|
84
|
101
|
93,4
|
|
|
(C)
|
I
|
150
|
170
|
157
|
165
|
147
|
157,8
|
|
Note
:
A
= water Faucets (27ºC)
B
= cold water (16 ºC)
C
= hot water (38 ºC)
B.
Analysis of Data
1.
The average of operculum
movement on fish at water Faucets (27ºC)
Average =
= 133 times per
minute
2.
The average of operculum
movement on fish at cold water (16 ºC)
Average =
= 93,4 times per
minute
3.
The average of operculum
movement on fish at hot water (38 ºC)
Average =
= 157,8 times per
minute
C.
Discussion
In the
first becker glass, the goldfish at the water faucent (27ºC) was having average operculum normal movement of 133 times
per minute, with the minute details of the first 123 times for open-close, in
the second minute for 147 times the open-close, in the third minute of 131
open-closing time, in the fourth minute for 135 times the open-closed, at five
minutes for 129 times the open-closed.
In the
second beckerglass, the goldfish at the cold water (16 ºC) was having
an average movement of operculum is
93,4 times per minute, with the minute details of the first 103 times for
open-close, in the second minute for 100 times the open-close, in the third
minute of 79 times open-close, in the fourth minute for 84 times the open-close,
at five minutes for 101 times the open-closed.
In the
third beckerglass, the goldfish at the hot water (38ºC) was having
an operculum movement faster for
157,8 times per minute, which is the first of 150 minutes of opening and
closing times, in the second minute for 170 times the open-close, in the third
minute for 157 times the open-closed , in the fourth minute for 165 times the
open-closed, at five minutes for 147 times the open-closed. From this
experiment we can know that the goldfish which live in the hot water had faster
operculum movement than the goldfish
at the cold water and the faucent water.
CHAPTER
V
CONCLUSION
AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclussion
Based on this experiment, environmental temperature
changes affect the level of oxygen consumption in fish, fish, room temperature
is more optimal oxygen requirement that the movement to open and close the operculum stable. Increasing
environmental temperature causes the solubility of oxygen (DO) in waters
Dissolve Oxygen is reduced, so that the organism needs water in this case to
increase the oxygen the fish operculum
movement along more quickly, decrease in water temperature can cause the
solubility of oxygen in the water increases so that the organism needs oxygen
in in water decreases, this causes the frequency of rare opening and closing in
overculum fish.
B. Suggestion
1.
Laboratory should prepare well the tools which will be used
in experiment.
2.
In doing an experiment we must be careful when use the
tools to avoid the accident which probably will happen. We must observe the
object carefully and seriously so that we can find a good result.
3.
The assistant should give command so we can miss the
mistake while doing the experiment.
.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Accessed on December 26th 2012
Biggs, at. el. 2008. Biology.United States of America:
Glencoe.
Campbell, at. el. 2009. Biology. San Francisco: Benjamin
Commings.
Starr, at. el. 2011. Biology.
Canada: Cengange
Team
Lecturer. 2012. Basic Biology Guide Book. Makassar: Biology
Departement Faculty of Mathematic and Science, State University of Makassar.
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