CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background
Each
of living thing has different shape and charecter. Human are different with
animal and plant. Plant has stem, root and leaves, but human and animal haven’t
it. Human and animal have feet, hand, and the other organs that plant hasn’t
it. Human and nimal have some commonality but human and animal are not same.
One of different is, human is thinking creatur but animal are not.
Progressing
of science can answer the question,
is structure of living thing are different?
To learn the different, scientists observe to know about the structure of
living thing. Invention that make easer to know the sturture of living thing is
invention to microscope. Then, microscope used by scientists in their
observation.
Based
observation by scientists, cell is smallest part of living thing. Cell was
finding by Robert Hook. Observation by other scientists, found that cell has
part and organels. Cells that it shape and it function are same called tissue.
Tissues make up organs and organs make up the body of living thing. Research
about structure of living thing more progress so aplently process in body of
living thing known.
The
result of experiment by sientists prove that the sturcture of living thing are
different. Animal and human have much similarity, but plant is very different
with animal and human so if learn about living thing, we have to know the
structure that they have.
Students of biologi departement will learn many things about living things and
should know the basic structure of living things before learning specific
things that happen in living organisms. This is base the
experiment "Microscope Observation" is done.
A.
Purpose
1. After
completing this activity students should be able to describe the structure and
various animal tissues that make up the organism of plants.
2. After
completing this activity, students should be able to describe the structure and
various plant tissues that make up the organs of the body.
B.
Benefits
1. The
student can describe the structure and various animal tissues that make up the
organism of plants.
2. The
student can be able to describe the structure and various plant tissues make up
the organs of the body.
CHAPTER
II
PREVIEW OF
LITERATURE
Tissue is a collection os cells that are closely linked to each
other has the same function sturture. The study of the tissue is called
histology. Various tissue composed and organized in the form of the organ (Hamka,
2012).
A mature vascular
plant (any plant other than mosses and liverworts), contains several types of
differentiated cells. These are grouped together in tissues. Some tissues
contain only one type of cell.
Xylem
conducts water and dissolved minerals from the roots to all the other parts of
the plant.In angiosperms, most of
the water travels in the xylem vessels.
These are thick-walled tubes that can extend vertically through several feet of
xylem tissue. Their diameter may be as large as 0.7 mm. Their walls are thickened
with secondary deposits of cellulose and are usually further strengthened by
impregnation with lignin. The
secondary walls of the xylem vessels are deposited in spirals and rings and are
usually perforated by pits. Xylem vessels arise from individual cylindrical
cells oriented end to end. At maturity the end walls of these cells dissolve
away, and the cytoplasmic contents die. The result is the xylem vessel, a
continuous nonliving duct (Anonymousa,2012).
The main
components of phloem are sieve elements
and companion cells, roots, growing
tips of stems and leaves,flowers ,fruits, tubers, corms, etc.Sieve
elements have no nucleus and only a sparse collection of other organelles. They
depend on the adjacent companion cells for many functions. Companion cells move sugars, amino
acids and a variety of macromolecules into and out of the sieve elements. In
"source" tissue, such as a leaf, the companion cells use
transmembrane proteins to take up — by active transport — sugars
and other organic molecules from the cells manufacturing them. Water follows by
osmosis. These
materials then move into adjacent sieve elements through plasmodesmata. The
pressure created by osmosis drives the flow of materials through the sieve
tubes. In "sink" tissue, the sugars and other organic molecules leave
the sieve elements through plasmodesmata connecting the sieve elements to their
companion cells and then pass on to the cells of their destination (Anonymousa,2012).
Tissue is a
collection os cells that are closely linked to each other has the same function
sturture. The study of the tissue is called histology. Various tissue composed
and organized in the form of the organ (Hamka, 2012).
All plant
parts consist of the same three types of tissues. The ground tissue system, which makes up the bulk of the plant, has
many functions such as photosynthesis and food storage. Pipelines of the vascular tissue system thread through
ground tissue. They distribute water and nutrients to all parts of the plant
body.
The dermal tissue system covers
and protects the plant’s exposed surfaces. These three plant tissue systems are
made up of cells organized as simple and complex tissues. Simple tissues
consist primarily of one type of cell; examples include parenchyma,
collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Complex tissues have two or more cell types.
Xylem, phloem, and epidermis are examples. You will learn more about all of
these tissues in the next section.The same tissues form in all flowering
plants, but they do so in different patterns. Monocots and eudicots are named
after their cotyledons, which
are leaflike structures that contain food for a plant embryo. These “seed
leaves” wither after the seed germinates and the developing plant begins to
make its own food by photosynthesis. Cotyledons consist of the same types of tissues
in all plants that have them, but the seeds of eudicots have two cotyledons and
those of monocots have only one (Starr, 2011).
Meristematic tissue Throughout their
lives, plants can continue to produce new cells in their meristematic tissues.
Meristematic tissues make up meristems
regions of rapidly dividing cells. Cells in meristems have large nuclei and
small vacuoles or, in some cases, no vacuoles at all. As these cells mature,
they can develop into many different kinds of plant cells. Meristematic tissues are located
in different regions
of a plant (Biggs, 2008).
Dermal tissue, the epidermis The
layer of cells that makes up the outer covering on a plant is dermal tissue,
also called the epidermis. Cells
of the epidermis resemble pieces of a jigsaw puzzle with interlocking ridges and
dips. Most
epidermal cells can secrete a fatty substance that forms the cuticle (Biggs,2008).
Vascular tissues Food,
water, and other substances are carried throughout your body in your blood
vessels. In a plant, the transportation of water, food, and dissolved
substances is the main function of two types of vascular tissue xylem and
phloem (Biggs,2008).
Ground tissue The
category for plant tissues that are not meristematic tissues, dermal tissues,
or vascular tissues is ground tissue. Ground tissues consist of parenchyma,
collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells and have diverse functions, including
photosynthesis, storage, and support. Most of a plant consists of ground
tissue. The ground tissue of leaves and green stems contains cells with
numerous chloroplasts that produce glucose for the plant. In some stems, roots,
and seeds, cells of ground tissue have large vacuoles that store sugars,
starch, oils, or other substances. Ground tissues also provide support when
they grow between other types of tissue (Biggs, 2008).
Traditionally,
botanists classified anthophytes as monocots or dicots. The names refer to the
number of cotyledons in their seeds: monocot one cotyledon, dicot two
cotyledons. However, botanists now classify dicots as eudicots or dicots, based
on the structure of their pollen. About 75 percent of anthophytes are eudicots
and include many trees, shrubs, and garden plants. There are few dicots and
examples include maples, oaks, and sycamores. Monocots are the second largest
group and include palms, lilies, onions, and grasses (Starr, 2011).
The same
tissues form in all flowering plants, but they do so in different patterns.
Monocots and eudicots are named after their cotyledons, which are leaflike structures that contain food for a
plant embryo. These “seed leaves” wither after the seed germinates and the
developing plant begins to make its own food by photosynthesis. Cotyledons
consist of the same types of tissues in all plants that have them, but the
seeds of eudicots have two cotyledons and those of monocots have only one. Most shrubs and trees, such as rose bushes
and maple trees, are eudicots. Lilies, orchids, and grasses are examples of
typical monocots (Biggs, 2008)
Animal tissues can be
grouped into four basic types: connective,
muscle, nervous,
and epithelial.
Multiple tissue types comprise organs and body structures. While all animals
can generally be considered to contain the four tissue types, the manifestation
of these tissues can differ depending on the type of organism. For example, the
origin of the cells comprising a particular tissue type may differ
developmentally for different classifications of animals (Anonymousb,2012).
Occurring as sheets of
cells, epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines organs and
cavities within the body. The dose packing of epithelial cells, often involving
tight junctions, enables epithelial tissue to function as a barrier against
mechanical injury, pathogens, and fluid loss. The cells ofan epithelial tissue,
or epithelium, also form active interfaces with the environment. For
example, the epithelium that lines the nasal passages has a critical function
in olfaction, the sense of smell. Epithelial cell shape may be cuboidal (like
dice), columnar (like bricks standing on end), or squamous (like
floor tiles). In addition, cells may be arranged in a simple
epithelium (single cell layer), a stratified epithelium (multiple
tiers of cells), or a pseudostratified epithelium (a single layer of cells
varying in height) (Campbell, 2009).
The most common
functions of connective tissues are to bind and support other tissues in the
body. Connective tissue consists of a sparse population of cells scattered
through an extracellular matrix. The matrix generally consists of a web of
fibers embedded in a uniform foundation that may be liquid, jellylike, or
solid. This variation in matrix structure is reflected in the six major types
of connective tissue in vertebrates: loose connective tissue, cartilage,
fibrous connective tissue, adipose tissue, blood, and bone (Campbell, 2009).
The tissue responsible
for nearly all types of body movement is muscle tissue. All muscle cells
consist of filaments containing the proteins actin and myosin, which together
enable musc1es to contract. Muscle is the most abundant tissue in many animals,
and muscle activity accounts for much of the energyconsuming cellular work in
an active animal. Three types of muscle tissue in the vertebrate body: skeletal,
cardiac, and smooth muscle (Campbell, 2009).
The function of nervous
tissue is to sense stimuli and transmit signals in the form of nerve impulses
from one part ofthe animal to another. Nervous tissue contains neurons, or
nerve cells, which have extensions called axons that are uniquely specialized
to transmit nerve impulses. It also
indudes different forms ofglial cells, or g1ia, which help nourish, insulate,
and replenish neurons. In many animals, a concentration of nervous tissue forms
a brain, an information-processing center. As we will discuss next, neurons
have a critical role in managing many of the animal's physiological functions
(Campbell, 2009).
CHAPTER III
PRACTICUM METHOD
A.
Time
and Place
Day / Date : Friday / November 23th 2012
Time :
07.30-10.00 ICT
Place :
Laboratory of Biology at 3rd floor of Biology
Departement of Science and Mathematic
Faculty, State
University of Makassar
B.
Tools
and Materials
1.
Plants
Tissue
a. Microscope
b. Tissue
and soft cloth
c. Mixture
tissue preserves the roots, stems, and leaves representing the group monocot
and dicotyl.
2.
Animals
Tissue
a. Microscope
and coarse and fine cloth.
b. Preparation
preserved epithelial layer of the cube in the renal medulla, solid preparations
of bone rubbing on bone pipe, preparations preserved blood smear with Giemsa
dye preparations, preserves smooth muscle, striated muscle, and cardiac muscle
reparations, preservation of Purkinje cell in the celebrum.
C.
Work
Procedure
1. Plants Tissue
a. Prepared
microscope based on the rules of
procedure use.
b. Took
preserve tissue preparation roots, stems, and leave responding the group
monocot and dicotyl.
c. Observed
the location of the structure and characteristic of each tissue that make up
the roots, stems, and leaves.
d.
Used the 4 x objecrive mafnification to
look the overall preparations, then replace it with a 10 x objective
magnification to observe a part of the obvious.
e.
Drew the three organs of the tissue as a
whole and its parts mentioned.
f.
Compared your observation with the next
image.
g.
Learned the function of each organ tissues
that made up the plant.
2.
Animals
Tissue
a.
Epithelical
Tissue
1) Observed
preparations preserved ephitelial layer of the cube in the renal medulla.
2) Used
the 10x to objective mafnification look at he overall preparations and then
replace it with 40x objective mafnification to observe a part of the more
obvious.
3) Considered
a cube-shaped ephitelial cells, the cell nuclei are rounded and located in the
center of the cell. Drew and gave
information.
4) Compared
your observations with the following pictures.
b.
Connective
Tissue
1) Observed
preparations solid bone rubbing on bone pipes.
2) Drew
and gave information visible parts
3) Note
the structure from the outside / edge existence:
a)
Preosteum, a dense tissue
b)
Haverst system comprising:
i)
Channel
haverst
ii)
Haverst
lamallae arranged concenttrically surround haverst channels.
iii)
Each lamallae contains osteocytes in
lakuna having kanalikuli.
c)
Endosteum
4) Compared
your observations with the following picture.
c.
Nerve
Tissue
1) Observed
the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum preparations preserved.
2) Drew
and gave information visible parts.
3) Ask
your assistant to look at the instructions the cells in question. In the
ganglion layer consisting of a layer of Purkinje cells shaped bottle, is pale
and large, small and dark nucleoli.
4) Compared
the observation with image that have
been provided.
d.
Blood
Tissue
1) Observed
preparations preserved blood smear with strong magnification.
2) Watched
and drew all kinds of blood cells (erythrocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes,
leukocytes, neutrophils, and basophils) are present in the blood.
3) Compared
your observations with following figure.
e.
Muscle
Tissue
1) Observed
preparations preserved smooth muscle tissue, striated muscle, and cardiac
muscle with powerfl magnification.
2) Watched
and drew all kinds of muscle cells, shapes, and location of the point and the
direcion of fibers.
3) Compared
your observations with drawings provided.
CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A.
Result
1.
Plant Tissues
|
Observation result
|
Comparison picture
|
Notes
|
||||||
|
Monocot root
Magnification 10 x 10
|
 |
1.
Epidermis
2.
Cortex
3.
Phloem
4.
Xylem
|
||||||
|
Observation result
|
Comparison picture
|
Notes
|
||||||
|
Zea Mays stem
 1 2
4 5
Magnification 10 x 10
|
2 3
1
   4
 |
1.
Epidermis
2.
Empulur
3.
Xylem
4.
phloem
|
|
Observation result
|
Comparison picture
|
Notes
|
|
Sunflower Leaf
Magnification 4 x 15
|
 |
1.
epidermis
2.
phloem
3.
xylem
4.
empulur
|
|
Observation result
|
Comparison picture
|
Notes
|
|
Lily Leaf
|
 |
1.
epidermis
|
|
Observation result
|
Comparison picture
|
Notes
|
|
Archis hipogeae
Magnification 10x10
|
 |
1.
Cell wall
|
|
Observation result
|
Comparison picture
|
Notes
|
|
Leaf dicotyl
Magnification 40 x 10
|
 |
1. Epidermis
2. Phloem
3. Xylem
|
|
Observation result
|
Comparison picture
|
Notes
|
|
Epithelial tissue squamosom
Magnification 10 x 10
|
 |
1. Tubulus colurgens
2. Epicubord
3. Tubulus proksimal
4. Sirius capsolaris
|
|
Observation result
|
Comparison picture
|
Notes
|
|
Compact Bone
Magnification 4 x 10
|
 |
1. Haverst
system
|
|
Observation result
|
Comparison picture
|
Notes
|
|
Cerebellum
Magnification 10x10
|
 |
1. Dendrit
2. Nucleus
3. Cytoplhasma
|
|
Observation result
|
Comparison picture
|
Notes
|
|
Blood tissue
Magnification 10 x 10
|
 |
1. Trombosit
|
|
Observation result
|
Comparison picture
|
Notes
|
|
Heart muscle
Magnification 10 x 10
|
 |
1.
Nucleus
|
|
Observation result
|
 Comparison
picture |
Notes
|
|
Nonstreated Muscle
Magnification 10 x 10
|
 |
1. Nucleus
2. Muscle fiber
|
|
Observation result
|
Comparison picture
|
Notes
|
|
Striated Muscle
Magnification 40 x 10
|
 |
1. Nukleus
3. muscle
fiber
|
B.
Discussion
1. Plant
Tissues
a. Monocot
root consist of epidermis, cortex, endodermiswith Casarian strip active
transport, and pericycle branch roots form just below endodermis. Based on
experiment, tissue of monocot root consisted of xylem, phloem, cortex and
epidermis. Xylem has function as transports
water
and minerals
from the root
into the
leave. Phloem has function as transports
photosynthesis result from leave to all the parts of body. While, epidermis has
function as guard cell. Cortex also called first skin because it was skin of
root that contain of cells from primary growth point. epidermis.
b.
Zea mays
is monocts plants, it identification by its structure of stem and root. The
sturcture of its stem consist of epidermis, empulur, xylem and phloem.
Epidermis as protect tissue, cortex as base tissue and vascular bundle as
transport tissue because it consist of phloem and xylem. The stucture of its
stem consist of epidermis, cortex, phloem and xylem.
c. Sunflower
is one of dicotile plant. Based on experiment, we can see the part of sunflower
leaf such as Its leaf consist of cuticle, epidermis, chloroplast, palisade
parenchya,spongy parenchyma, stomata, air space, bundle sheath,xylem and floem.
epidermis, xylem, phloem, and empulur.
Epidermis as protect tissue. Xylem has
function as transports
water
and minerals
from the root
into the
leave. Phloem has function as transports
photosynthesis result from leave to all the parts of body.
d. Monocot
leaf consist of epidermis, palisade tissue, spons tissue, stomata, xylem, and phloem.
Based on experiment, we see the epidermis of lily leaf. Its function to protect
the tissues inside the leaf.
e. Based
on our experiment on Archis hipogeae,
we find the cell wall which make the shape of its leaf. Its look arranged
f. Its
leaf consist of cuticle, epidermis, chloroplast, palisade parenchya,spongy
parenchyma, stomata, air space, bundle sheath,xylem and floem. Based on the experiment that has been
done,epidermis on dicotyl leaf is divided up two, which is epidermis on and
bottom epidermis. It also consist of xylem and phloem.
g. Epithelial tissue in this case Epithelial cylinder as undercoated as, its cell is made
manifest one rather set and get fundamental one be intermediated, available on Epithelial, digestive gland, tuft is intestine, bile and on stomach and in
function on absorption and secretion. Based on experiment, we could find
tubulus colurgens, epicubord, tubulus proksimal,and sirius capsolaris.
h.
In compact bone, there is a system
called Haverst system. It consisted of Haverst duct, lamella, lacunae, and
canaliculi. Based on experiment, compact
bone has haverst system. Haverst system consist of lamella that arranged round
the channel, in the middle of it there are artery and nerve.
i.
In nerve tissue,we have
observed cerebellum. Nervous tissue composed of nucleus in the middle of cell
body, cell body contained of nucleus and nucleolus, dendrite to forwarded
nerves impulse to cell body, axon to continued the nerves impulse from cell
body to the other side, neuron cell that has myelin sheath as protector.
j.
In blood tissue,
blood diide into erythrocyte and leukocyte. Erythrocyte is a major part of the
blood cell,contained hemoglobin and formed in back bone marroow. While
leukocyte divide into lymphocyte, monocyte, basophile, and neutrhophile. Based
on experiment with 10x10 magnification, we can find the erithrocytes in the
blood tissue. Based on experiment, heart muscle is woolly its bounds, its form is elongated and available
branch, on cytoplhasma
exists brightness region and no moon so impressed striated, in essentials a lot
of intermediated by cell, it activity was regarded by nerve autonomous, work
rapid fire, contraction isstrength and is not easily tire and its rhythmic ways
of working.
k.
Streated muscle
consisted of many fibers, and each of it has nucleus in the edge. Based on
experiment,streated muscle has many nucleus and located in edge of the cells.
Streated muscle has log form and it one of its characteristic.
l.
Non striated muscle
consisted of many muscle fibers that have a shape like a spindle, long, slim,
and has nucleus in the middle. Based on experiment, we could see the nucleus
and fibers clearly.
CHAPTER
V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A.
Conclussion
Based on experiment,
tissue plants divedied in younger tissues (meristem), it always split to add
the size of plants. Adult tissue are, epidermis, parenchymal, transport, and
cork. Epidermis is protect tissue of plant, parenchymal is base tissue of
plant, transport tissue can devided into ploem and xylem. The funtion of phloem
is transport product of photochyntesis, and xylem is transport mineral and
important substance from root to the other parts.
Animal tissue devided
be, epithelial as protect tissue, nerve
tissue as impuls conduct, blood tissue that important for circulation system,
muscle tissue that consist streated muscle, cardica muscle, and smooth muscle.
B.
Suggestion
1.
Laboratory should prepare well the tools
which will be used in experiment.
2. In
doing an experiment we must be careful when use the tools to avoid the accident
which probably will happen. We must observe the object carefully and seriously
so that we can find a good result.
3. The
assistant should give command so we can miss the mistake while doing the
experiment.
.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anonymousa. 2012. Plant Tissues. http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet. Accessed on November 27th 2012
Biggs, at. el. 2008. Biology.United States of America: Glencoe.
Campbell, at. el. 2009. Biology. San Francisco: Benjamin Commings.
Hamka.
2012. Basic Biology Guide Book. Makassar:
Biology Departement Faculty of
Mathematic and Science, State University of Makassar.
Starr,
at. el. 2011. Biology. Canada:
Cengange
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