CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Basicly,
human have natural existence and high angered about where does the life come.
They ask, how and where the life begin? And what process happened that
make the food can be damaged,spoiled,
and mucus.History and development in microbiology has the time long periods. Where the period has brought
the scientist,especially in biology to observe the answer from their question.
They have done many experiments for finding where the life come. For the result
of the scientist’s observation,
argument arise that the life come spontaneous which known as abiogenesis theory. This theory standing sufficiently long, but this theory got many controversy from the scientist in biology, chemistry and medical.
argument arise that the life come spontaneous which known as abiogenesis theory. This theory standing sufficiently long, but this theory got many controversy from the scientist in biology, chemistry and medical.
Among
the theories is the famous theory of Abiogenesis and the theory of Biogenesis.
Abiogenesis theory first emerged than abiogenesis theory. Scientists who first
advanced the theory is Aristotle more than two thousand years ago and supported
by the scientist Antoni Van Leeunwenhoek. Abiogenesis theory states that life
originated from inanimate objects. However, this theory and argue with the
emergence of the theory of Biogenesis which states that living things come from
previously living things. Scientist who support this theory is, among others
are Lazarro Spallanzani, Francesco Redi, And Louis Pasteur.
Lazzaro
Spallanzani in proofing his argument did experiment with liquid broth as sample
of this experiment to proof Lazzaro Spallanzani’s theory. So that for knowing
Lazzaro Spallanzani’s teory about the origin of life more clearly and proof the
theory, so we have done this experiment to as Lazzaro Spallanzani has done.
B. Purpose
This
experiment aims is provide chances for students to follow the path of thinking
and the steps that have been done by the scientist / researchers in solving biological problems,
specifically answering the question above.
C. Benefits
Through
this practicum students can learn and follow the way of thinking and the steps
which have been taken by scientists in solve problem of abiogenesis theory and
the theory of Biogenesis of the origin of life.
CHAPTER
II
PREVIEW OF
LITERATURE
The
question “where did the origin of life?”, have been tried answered with various theories and
experiments. Among them is a dubious Spallanzani experiment the theory of
abiogenesis / spontaneous generation of Aristoteles (Team Lecturer,2012).
Spontaneous generation is the early evolutionary idea that living organisms
arise from non-living matter on their own, (i.e., with no outside influence) by
natural causes alone. It is synonymous with abiogenesis.
The proofs for spontaneous generation were that flies
arose spontaneously from rotting meat and that microbes arose spontaneously
from soup. Creation scientist Francesco Redi provided
the refutation of flies from meat; fellow creationists Lazzaro Spallanzani and Louis Pasteur proved that
microbes do not arise spontaneously from soup. Regarding his spontaneous
generation experiments and the results he obtained Pasteur stated: "La
génération spontanée est une chimère" ("Spontaneous generation is a
dream"). A central tenet in biology today is now 'Omne vivum ex vivo',
Latin for "all life [is] from life." A related statement is Omnis
cellula e cellula, "all cells [are] from cells;".
While
Pasteur was convinced that his research had once and for all killed the myth of
spontaneous generation, the myth survived him and is now a very prominent
presupposed philosophical assumption held by many evolutionary scientists, they
simply changed the name to abiogenesis. This can be witnessed by the oxford
dictionaries definition of abiogenesis- 'technical term for spontaneous
generation (Anonymousa,2012).
The idea of spontaneous generation was not completely rejected
until the mid-1800s. It was replaced by the theory of biogenesis (bi oh JEN h
sus), which states that only living organisms can produce other living
organisms. Louis Pasteur designed an experiment to show that biogenesis was
true even for microorganisms. In one flask, only air was allowed to contact a
sterile nutrient broth. Nutrient broth supports the growth of microorganisms.
In another flask, both air and microorganisms were allowed to contact the
broth. No microorganisms grew in the first container. They did, however, grow in the second container (Glencoe,2008).
The origin of
life is the most speculativ etopic of the entire unit, for no fossil evidenceof
that seminal episode exists. We will then turn to the fossilrecord and what tells
us about major events in the history of life, paying particular attention to
factors that have helped to shape the rise and fall of different groups of
organisms over time (Campbell,2009).
The Ancient Greeks believed that living
things could spontaneously come into being from nonliving matter, and that the
goddess Gaia could make life arise spontaneously from
stones – a process known as Generatio spontanea. Aristotle
disagreed, but he still believed that creatures could arise from dissimilar
organisms or from soil. Variations of this concept of spontaneous generation
still existed as late as the 17th century, but towards the end of the 17th
century, a series of observations and arguments began that eventually
discredited such ideas. This advance in scientific understanding was met with
much opposition, with personal beliefs and individual prejudices often obscuring
the facts.
Francesco
Redi, an Italian physician, proved as early as 1668 that higher forms of
life did not originate spontaneously, but proponents of abiogenesis
claimed that this did not apply to microbes and continued to hold that these
could arise spontaneously. Attempts to disprove the spontaneous generation of
life from non-life continued in the early 19th century with observations and
experiments by Franz Schulze and Theodor
Schwann. In 1745, John Needham added chicken broth to a flask and boiled
it. He then let it cool and waited. Microbes grew, and he proposed it as an
example of spontaneous generation. In 1768, Lazzaro Spallanzani repeated Needham's
experiment but removed all the air from the flask. No growth occurred. In 1854,
Heinrich Schröder (1810–1885) and Theodor
von Dusch, and in 1859, Schröder alone, repeated the Helmholtz filtration experiment and showed
that living particles can be removed from air by filtering it through
cotton-wool.
In 1864, Louis
Pasteur finally announced the results of his scientific experiments. In a
series of experiments similar to those performed earlier by Needham and
Spallanzani, Pasteur demonstrated that life does not arise in areas that have
not been contaminated by existing life. Pasteur's empirical results were
summarized in the phrase Omne vivum ex vivo, Latin for "all life
[is] from life" (Anonymousb,2012).
CHAPTER III
PRACTICUM METHOD
A.
Time
and Place
Day / Date : Friday / November 09th 2012
Time : 08.10-09.10 WITA
Place : Laboratory of Biology at 3rd
floor of Biology
Departement of Science
and Mathematic
Faculty, State University of Makassar
B.
Tools
and Materials
1.
3 pieces of test tube
2.
1 piece test tube rack
3.
2 pieces of cork / rubber suit
4.
1 piece of light spirits
5.
1 piece of wood clamps
6.
30 ml of liquid broth
7.
1 piece of wax
C.
Work
Procedure
1. Three
test tubes filled with broth 10 ml respectly.
2. Tube
I was closed with cork / rubber and wax used as drops of liquid of interposed
between the mouth of the tube with a lid.
3. Tube
II, boiled the test tube above the spirits light, left it opened (without lid).
4. Tube
III, boiled the test tube with broth above the spirits light, immediately cover
with cork and wax used as drops of liquid interposed between the mouth of the
tube with lid.
5. All
test tubes put on a test tube rack and it kept on top of your desk, try to
avoid interferance from animals, direct sunlight and other heat sources.
6. Observed
and recorded every day, for 5 days.
CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A.
Result
1. Day
1
Tube
I
(opening
without heating)
|
Tube
II
(heating
without closed)
|
Tube
III
(closed
and heating)
|
|||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||
2. Day
5
Tube
I
(opening
without heating)
|
Tube
II
(heating
without closed)
|
Tube
III
(closed
and heating)
|
|||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||
3. Table
of Observation
No
|
Day-n
|
Tube I
|
Tube II
|
Tube
III
|
||||||
Colour
|
Sediment
|
Smell
|
Colour
|
Sediment
|
Smell
|
Colour
|
Sediment
|
Smell
|
||
1
|
Day
1
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
2
|
Day 2
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
3
|
Day
3
|
+
|
-
|
-
|
+
|
-
|
-
|
+
|
-
|
-
|
4
|
Day 4
|
+
|
-
|
-
|
+
|
-
|
-
|
+
|
-
|
-
|
5
|
Day
5
|
++
|
+
|
-
|
++
|
+
|
-
|
++
|
+
|
-
|
Note:
Tube I = opening without heating
Tube
II = heating without closed
Tube
III = closed and heating
B.
Discussion
Observation in
the first and second day found that there is no colour change where the liquid
broth still transparent, there are no smell and sediment. These happen in test
tube.
1.
Tube I
The first day,
the colour of the broth was pure, there was not smell, and does not had
sendiment. Third day, the color was turbid, had putrid smell and had sendiment.
From this view we can say that the instance is caused by contamination with
air, because more long liquid broth that was caused so more much
microorganism/microbes that put into tube and do activity so arise disturbe,
sediment and smell. Like this also for the third and the last day.
2. Tube
II
The first day
the color of tube II was clear and has vapor without smell and sediment. For
next day, the color was still pure, without smell and sediment. Like this also
the condition of broth until the last day. This happened because the tubes was
cloused and automatically there was not contraction with air, moreover it had
warmed so the microbe had dead and could not came again because there was no
connection with air.
3. Tube
III
For the first
day, the colour of the broth was pure, has broth smell and there was not
sendiment. Next day, the color was still pure, without smell and sediment. Like
this also the condition of broth until the last day. This happened because the
tubes was cloused and automatically there was not contraction with air,
moreover it had warmed so the microbe had dead and could not came again because
there was no connection with air.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND
SUGGESTION
A.
Conclussion
Based on
experiment, we can conclude that life creature come from the life creature
before. This is signed by the change of colour, smell and sediment in the test
tube because there is contamination by the micproorganism from the outside
through the air to the test tube which have been heated but opened, it also happen to the test tube which has not been
heating and closed. This proof that experiment which has been done by Lazzaro
Spallanzani with his abiogenesis teory said that life creature come from the
life creature before.
B.
Suggestion
1. Laboratory
should prepare well the tools which will be used in experiment.
2. In
doing an experiment we must be careful when use the tools to avoid the accident
which probably will happen. We must observe the object carefully and seriously
so that we can find a good result.
3. The
assistant should give command so we can miss the mistake while doing the
experiment
.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anonymousb.
2012. Spontaneous Generation and Its disproof.
http://creationwiki.org Accesed on 12th
November 2012
Campbell. 2009. Biology Eight Edition. Pearson : San Fransisco
Glencoe. 2008. Biology First Edition. McGraw : New York
Team
Lecturer. 2012. Guide Book of Basic
Biology. Makassar : UNM
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