Friday, October 24, 2014

Lazarro Spallanzani

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.    Background
Basicly, human have natural existence and high angered about where does the life come. They ask, how and where the life begin? And what process happened that make  the food can be damaged,spoiled, and mucus.History and development in microbiology has the time   long periods. Where the period has brought the scientist,especially in biology to observe the answer from their question. They have done many experiments for finding where the life come. For the result of the scientist’s observation,
argument arise that the life come spontaneous which known as abiogenesis theory. This theory standing sufficiently long, but this theory got many controversy from the scientist in biology, chemistry and medical.
Among the theories is the famous theory of Abiogenesis and the theory of Biogenesis. Abiogenesis theory first emerged than abiogenesis theory. Scientists who first advanced the theory is Aristotle more than two thousand years ago and supported by the scientist Antoni Van Leeunwenhoek. Abiogenesis theory states that life originated from inanimate objects. However, this theory and argue with the emergence of the theory of Biogenesis which states that living things come from previously living things. Scientist who support this theory is, among others are Lazarro Spallanzani, Francesco Redi, And Louis Pasteur.
Lazzaro Spallanzani in proofing his argument did experiment with liquid broth as sample of this experiment to proof Lazzaro Spallanzani’s theory. So that for knowing Lazzaro Spallanzani’s teory about the origin of life more clearly and proof the theory, so we have done this experiment to  as Lazzaro Spallanzani has done.
B.     Purpose
This experiment aims is provide chances for students to follow the path of thinking and the steps that have been done by the scientist  / researchers in solving biological problems, specifically answering the question above.
C.    Benefits
Through this practicum students can learn and follow the way of thinking and the steps which have been taken by scientists in solve problem of abiogenesis theory and the theory of Biogenesis of the origin of life.




















CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE
The question “where did the origin of life?”, have been tried  answered with various theories and experiments. Among them is a dubious Spallanzani experiment the theory of abiogenesis / spontaneous generation of Aristoteles                        (Team Lecturer,2012).
Spontaneous generation is the early evolutionary idea that living organisms arise from non-living matter on their own, (i.e., with no outside influence) by natural causes alone. It is synonymous with abiogenesis.
The proofs for spontaneous generation were that flies arose spontaneously from rotting meat and that microbes arose spontaneously from soup. Creation scientist Francesco Redi provided the refutation of flies from meat; fellow creationists Lazzaro Spallanzani and Louis Pasteur proved that microbes do not arise spontaneously from soup. Regarding his spontaneous generation experiments and the results he obtained Pasteur stated: "La génération spontanée est une chimère" ("Spontaneous generation is a dream"). A central tenet in biology today is now 'Omne vivum ex vivo', Latin for "all life [is] from life." A related statement is Omnis cellula e cellula, "all cells [are] from cells;".
While Pasteur was convinced that his research had once and for all killed the myth of spontaneous generation, the myth survived him and is now a very prominent presupposed philosophical assumption held by many evolutionary scientists, they simply changed the name to abiogenesis. This can be witnessed by the oxford dictionaries definition of abiogenesis- 'technical term for spontaneous generation (Anonymousa,2012).
The idea of spontaneous generation was not completely rejected until the mid-1800s. It was replaced by the theory of biogenesis (bi oh JEN                                                                h sus), which states that only living organisms can produce other living organisms. Louis Pasteur designed an experiment to show that biogenesis was true even for microorganisms. In one flask, only air was allowed to contact a sterile nutrient broth. Nutrient broth supports the growth of microorganisms. In another flask, both air and microorganisms were allowed to contact the broth. No microorganisms grew in the first container. They did, however, grow in the second container (Glencoe,2008).
The origin of life is the most speculativ etopic of the entire unit, for no fossil evidenceof that seminal episode exists. We will then turn to the fossilrecord and what   tells us about major events in the history of life, paying particular attention to factors that have helped to shape the rise and fall of different groups of organisms over time (Campbell,2009).
The Ancient Greeks believed that living things could spontaneously come into being from nonliving matter, and that the goddess Gaia could make life arise spontaneously from stones – a process known as Generatio spontanea. Aristotle disagreed, but he still believed that creatures could arise from dissimilar organisms or from soil. Variations of this concept of spontaneous generation still existed as late as the 17th century, but towards the end of the 17th century, a series of observations and arguments began that eventually discredited such ideas. This advance in scientific understanding was met with much opposition, with personal beliefs and individual prejudices often obscuring the facts.
Francesco Redi, an Italian physician, proved as early as 1668 that higher forms of life did not originate spontaneously, but proponents of abiogenesis claimed that this did not apply to microbes and continued to hold that these could arise spontaneously. Attempts to disprove the spontaneous generation of life from non-life continued in the early 19th century with observations and experiments by Franz Schulze and Theodor Schwann. In 1745, John Needham added chicken broth to a flask and boiled it. He then let it cool and waited. Microbes grew, and he proposed it as an example of spontaneous generation. In 1768, Lazzaro Spallanzani repeated Needham's experiment but removed all the air from the flask. No growth occurred. In 1854, Heinrich Schröder (1810–1885) and Theodor von Dusch, and in 1859, Schröder alone, repeated the Helmholtz filtration experiment and showed that living particles can be removed from air by filtering it through cotton-wool.
In 1864, Louis Pasteur finally announced the results of his scientific experiments. In a series of experiments similar to those performed earlier by Needham and Spallanzani, Pasteur demonstrated that life does not arise in areas that have not been contaminated by existing life. Pasteur's empirical results were summarized in the phrase Omne vivum ex vivo, Latin for "all life [is] from life" (Anonymousb,2012).















CHAPTER III
PRACTICUM METHOD
A.    Time and Place
Day / Date : Friday / November 09th 2012
Time          : 08.10-09.10 WITA
Place          : Laboratory of Biology at 3rd floor of Biology
Departement of Science and Mathematic
Faculty, State University of Makassar
B.     Tools and Materials
1.      3 pieces of test tube
2.      1 piece test tube rack
3.      2 pieces of cork / rubber suit
4.      1 piece of light spirits
5.      1 piece of wood clamps
6.      30 ml of liquid broth
7.      1 piece of wax
C.    Work Procedure
1.      Three test tubes filled with broth 10 ml respectly.
2.      Tube I was closed with cork / rubber and wax used as drops of liquid of interposed between the mouth of the tube with a lid.
3.      Tube II, boiled the test tube above the spirits light, left it opened (without lid).
4.      Tube III, boiled the test tube with broth above the spirits light, immediately cover with cork and wax used as drops of liquid interposed between the mouth of the tube with lid.
5.      All test tubes put on a test tube rack and it kept on top of your desk, try to avoid interferance from animals, direct sunlight and other heat sources.
6.      Observed and recorded every day, for 5 days.

CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A.    Result
1.      Day 1

Tube I
(opening without heating)
Tube II
(heating without closed)
Tube III
(closed and heating)


Tube

Liquid Broth

cork

Liquid Broth

Tube

Tube

Cork

Liquid Broth







2.      Day 5
Tube I
(opening without heating)
Tube II
(heating without closed)
Tube III
(closed and heating)


Liquid Broth

cork

Tube

Liquid Broth

Tube

Liquid Broth

Tube

Cork

3.      Table of Observation
No
Day-n
Tube I
Tube II
Tube III
Colour
Sediment
Smell
Colour
Sediment
Smell
Colour
Sediment
Smell
1
Day 1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
Day 2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
Day 3
+
-
-
+
-
-
+
-
-
4
Day 4
+
-
-
+
-
-
+
-
-
5
Day 5
++
+
-
++
+
-
++
+
-

Note:
Tube I        = opening without heating
Tube II      = heating without closed
Tube III     = closed and heating
B.     Discussion
Observation in the first and second day found that there is no colour change where the liquid broth still transparent, there are no smell and sediment. These happen in test tube.
1.    Tube I
The first day, the colour of the broth was pure, there was not smell, and does not had sendiment. Third day, the color was turbid, had putrid smell and had sendiment. From this view we can say that the instance is caused by contamination with air, because more long liquid broth that was caused so more much microorganism/microbes that put into tube and do activity so arise disturbe, sediment and smell. Like this also for the third and the last day.
2.       Tube II
The first day the color of tube II was clear and has vapor without smell and sediment. For next day, the color was still pure, without smell and sediment. Like this also the condition of broth until the last day. This happened because the tubes was cloused and automatically there was not contraction with air, moreover it had warmed so the microbe had dead and could not came again because there was no connection with air.
3.      Tube III
For the first day, the colour of the broth was pure, has broth smell and there was not sendiment. Next day, the color was still pure, without smell and sediment. Like this also the condition of broth until the last day. This happened because the tubes was cloused and automatically there was not contraction with air, moreover it had warmed so the microbe had dead and could not came again because there was no connection with air.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A.    Conclussion
Based on experiment, we can conclude that life creature come from the life creature before. This is signed by the change of colour, smell and sediment in the test tube because there is contamination by the micproorganism from the outside through the air to the test tube which have been heated but opened, it also  happen to the test tube which has not been heating and closed. This proof that experiment which has been done by Lazzaro Spallanzani with his abiogenesis teory said that life creature come from the life creature before.
B.     Suggestion

1.      Laboratory should prepare well the tools which will be used in experiment.
2.      In doing an experiment we must be careful when use the tools to avoid the accident which probably will happen. We must observe the object carefully and seriously so that we can find a good result.
3.      The assistant should give command so we can miss the mistake while doing the experiment

.


 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anonymousa. 2012. Spontaneous Generation. http://creationwiki.org. Accesed on12thNovember 2012
Anonymousb. 2012. Spontaneous Generation and Its disproof. http://creationwiki.org Accesed on 12th November 2012

Campbell. 2009. Biology Eight Edition. Pearson : San Fransisco
Glencoe. 2008. Biology First Edition. McGraw : New York

Team Lecturer. 2012. Guide Book of Basic Biology. Makassar : UNM

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